In the old days, you didn’t have much choice when it came to picking a financial advisor because they were all human!

These days, you can select between human advisors and robo-advisors, such as Betterment and Personal Capital.

But regardless of which you choose, you should make sure you have a list of the most important questions to ask your financial advisor before you walk in the door and get mesmerized by glossy charts of rising stocks or speak with a sales representative who dazzles you with projections of rosy retirements.

So, what are the most important questions to ask your financial advisor?

1. What Management Fees Do You Charge?

Traditional financial advisors are increasingly fighting an uphill battle these days when it comes to fees. On average, human advisors charge advisory fees on managed assets north of 1%, though you can find many who will charge lower amounts, especially if you let them manage more of your money.

The reason human advisors are increasingly pressured to lower annual fees is that the majority of robo-advisors charge significantly lower management fees. For example, one of the industry leaders, Betterment, charges approximately one quarter what human advisors charge.

Plus, robo-advisors have become so sophisticated that they automate processes that are time-consuming for human advisors, such as harvesting tax losses and dynamically rebalancing portfolios.

2. How Do You Get Paid?

If you are speaking with a human advisor in particular, you should make a point to ask the question: “how do you get paid?”

At first glance, you might think this question is the same as the first question, but it’s precisely that assumption financial advisors may hope you make so you don’t ask the tough questions!

Financial advisors are required to disclose how they get paid when you ask, and while you might have made the assumption that they only earn income from the management fees charged to you, the reality is they may have other income streams you would otherwise never know about.

When the doors close behind you, financial advisors often meet with mutual fund representatives who pitch them on the latest and greatest fund offerings. And when those funds find their way into your portfolio, your financial advisor may earn a kick back.

3. What Are The Total Costs?

After asking the first couple of questions, you might think this question is redundant.

Haven’t you already found out everything you need to know about fees and how the financial advisor is getting paid?

Unfortunately not!

In addition to paying management fees to your financial advisor, you also will pay expense ratios and commissions costs on trading, plus other fees potentially.

Expense ratios are the fees charged at the fund level by mutual fund operators. And the sneaky thing is you don’t ever really get to see these unless you look hard.

You can always track expense ratio costs down but they aren’t reported on your quarterly financial statements, so they can be hard to uncover.

Robo-advisors generally use low expense ratio funds and charge lower management fees than human advisors, but may pass on trading commissions costs to you.

4. What Is Your Investment Methodology?

Investing is a tricky business because most investors do not beat major market averages over time after factoring in fees.

It is so hard to beat the market that a reasonable goal is simply to track the performance of the market.

When Vanguard Group founder, Jack Bogle, first suggested a diversified portfolio would outperform the average “stock-picker,” he was ridiculed but over time he was proven right.

You should ask your financial advisor whether they invest using Modern Portfolio Theory, which is based on Nobel-prize winning research.

Almost all robo-advisors build client portfolios based on Modern Portfolio Theory, and generally use template portfolios depending on client risk tolerances.

Some financial advisors will tailor portfolios to your own individual circumstances, which seems like a good idea until you realize that to do so for say 150 clients would be very difficult to manage well.

Think about how hard it is for you to keep track of your own investments let alone the portfolios of 149 other investors simultaneously.

Unless the financial advisor has a team of assistants, the reality is your portfolio may not remain balanced as time goes by because any human advisor will have a hard time keeping up.

5. Do You Offer Tax-Loss Harvesting?

When you invest as part of a taxable account, you will usually have a sprinkling of winners and losers. The idea behind tax-loss harvesting is to sell losing positions to offset gains from selling winners.

If you simply sold winning positions without selling the losers too, you may end up paying more in capital gains taxes.

Many financial advisors focus on gross returns, and pay little heed to tax consequences, but the reality is the money you get to keep is net of paying Uncle Sam.

Most good robo-advisors offer tax-loss harvesting as a complimentary service. Betterment goes a step further with tax-coordinated portfolios that it claims can increase your portfolio value by as much as 15% over 30 years.

Wealthfront also optimizes for tax impact with its Direct Indexing service, which essentially mimics the diversification of a fund using individual securities that can better optimize returns for tax impact.

6. What Level Of Service Can I Expect?

If you choose a robo-advisor, the level of service you can expect is usually clearly stated upfront. You may for example pay one fee-level for purely digital advice, and a higher fee if you want access to financial experts.

When you select a traditional financial advisor, the level of service you can expect to receive may be a little more murky.

Are you able to call your advisor when you feel panicky about a stock market crash?
How often can you email them to receive portfolio performance updates?
Will you meet with your financial advisor each quarter for regular updates? Or will you see them just once a year?

It is better to define the terms of communication ahead of time so you are not left in the lurch when your money has already been invested in a diversified portfolio and it is costly to make changes.

7. What Is Your Experience Investing Client Assets?

When the rubber meets the road, you want your financial advisor to be a rock of support. Investing can be an emotional business at the best of times with greed and fear often sweeping aside rationale and leading to poor decision-making if you are not careful.

You want to be sure your financial advisor has seen the ups and downs of market cycles, experienced economic booms and recessions, and navigated a steady course throughout.

Ideally, you want your financial advisor to be passionate about what they do, so you can be confident that they are constantly monitoring your portfolio when your attention is focused on your career.

To glean insights into how connected they are to financial markets, ask some probing questions about recent financial events and quarterly reports or whether they have read investor letters, such as Warren Buffett’s annual Berkshire shareholder letter.

8. What Licenses & Credentials Do You Hold?

Your financial advisor is licensed right? Well, you would hope so, but if you ever saw any of the frightful American Greed episodes on TV where con-artists persuade unsuspecting clients to hand over their life-savings despite holding no official credentials, you will know it is best to ask ahead of time for licenses than to be sorry later.

Common designations that financial advisors hold include:

• Series 7
• Series 24
• Series 51
• Series 63
• Series 65
• Series 66
• Insurance licenses

Other licenses that won’t necessarily make a person eligible to manage your money but are nice-to-haves include:

• Certified Public Accountant (CPA)
• Juris Doctor (JD)
• Chartered Financial Consultant (ChFC)
• Certified Fund Specialist (CFS)
• Chartered Life Underwriter (CLU)

9. How Much Do You Earn When I Buy An Annuity?

If you are approaching retirement, an annuity can sound very appealing. After all, what’s not to like about a guaranteed stream of income each year for the rest of your life?

Before you are bedazzled by the holy grail of never having to worry about income forever more and signing your nest-egg over in exchange for an annuity income stream, a tough question to ask your financial advisor is: “how much do you make when I buy an annuity?”

Get ready to watch your financial advisor squirm uncomfortably in his/her seat because annuities can be among the highest earning products that financial advisors sell.

It may be hard to fathom but if you were to purchase a million dollar annuity, your financial advisor may be pocketing as much as $50,000 or more from the sale.