Currency-hedged equity strategies broke onto the exchange-traded fund (ETF) investment scene in late 2012 following significant weakening of the yen, which led to a wide disparity in performance between unhedged and currency-hedged Japanese ETFs.
A key driver in the case of Japan was negative correlation, or an inverse relationship, between the performance of Japanese stocks and the yen. As the yen weakened, Japanese stocks performed well. The case for Japan’s equity market in late 2012 and 2013 started when the central bank provided huge levels of monetary support to rid Japan of deflation.
This action led to a much weaker yen, which in turn contributed to a surge in corporate profits. Today Japan looks like one of the lowest-priced markets because earnings were up more than stock prices.1
There is recent evidence that Europe is becoming more Japan-like. First and foremost, Mario Draghi, head of the central bank, is instituting bolder monetary policies. In addition, we’re seeing a negative correlation develop between the euro and European stocks.
Now, this European negative correlation is not a new phenomenon. Much of the 1990s into the mid-2000s was characterized by a persistent negative correlation between the trade-weighted euro and European stocks.
Negative Correlations in Japan—A Historic Look Back
Over the years, the Japanese yen has become increasingly negatively correlated to equities. While beginning in the ’70s there was a run of approximately 25 years of positive correlation, 1995 marked a new regime. The new regime of negative yen and equity correlations in Japan coincided with a period of slow growth, deflation and zero-bound policy rates by the Bank of Japan (BOJ), and the negative correlation has been prevalent ever since.
In many ways, this macroeconomic backdrop is similar to that of the Eurozone; since the beginning of 2014, both the euro and local equities have started to show increasingly negative correlation. What may be surprising to many is how often this was the case during the ’90s—and how Europe has historically been more “Japan-like” in its negative correlation between equity markets and the European currencies.
Recent Negative Correlation between Euro Currency and Equities Reminiscent of Japan
Why Have Correlations Turned Negative and Japan-like? Is This a Replay of the ’90s?
There was a nine-year stretch between September 1, 1992, and May 31, 2001, when European currencies in the MSCI EMU Index depreciated 40.2% cumulatively versus the U.S. dollar, and EMU stocks in local currency terms had one of their best stretches ever, returning 19.8% per year. On a trade-weighted basis, European currencies declined 27.9% over the same period. This period alone suggests the European markets can perform well during times when the euro declines.
More broadly, in the 1,226 rolling 52-week periods examined from January 1991 through June 2014, the Euro Stoxx 50 had a negative correlation to the European currencies, measured on a trade-weighted index, 59.4% of the time. The Nikkei 225 Index had a negative correlation to the yen only 56.1% of the time, albeit with very highly negative correlations that began showing up in late 2007.
Below are three rationales for the euro becoming more negatively correlated, as suggested by Valentin Marinov and his research team at Citi.
• Quantitative Easing (QE) to Buoy Equity Markets and Simultaneously Weaken EUR: In light of the new policy measures announced at the June European Central Bank (ECB) meeting, many anticipate more policy action on the asset-purchase front, also referred to as QE. The expectation for more ECB action is underpinned by flat-lining growth expectations and mounting disinflation fears in the Eurozone. As was the case in Japan, this could lead to currency weakness and simultaneous stock-market outperformance, resulting in an even more negative correlation.